and Blockchain companies was the beginning of an Internet of finance. If it’s implemented correctly with a uniform regulatory framework, the Blockchain technology will fundamentally reduce costs and provide real-time service. The question remains whether banks will insist on making it centralized, which will run counter to the concept of Blockchain.
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The 4 core tenets of the Blockchain
1. Decentralization
2. Anonymity
3. Blockchain Transparency
4. Security
How has Bitcoin and the early adoption of cryptocurrencies fueled the increased funding appetite?
List of the Top Emerging Blockchain Companies in 2020
Comparison of the Top Emerging Blockchain Companies in 2020
Who is investing in Blockchain companies?
Traditional Venture Capital and Crypto-Focused Venture Funds
1. Traditional Venture Capital Funds
2. Crypto-Focused Venture Funds
Bank-driven Blockchain Funding
Traditional Banking Establishment investment in Blockchain companies and Projects
1. Goldman Sachs
2. Microsoft and Bank of America Merrill Lynch
3. R3, Barclays, HSBC, and Co.
4. Royal Bank of Canada
5. JPMorgan, Royal Bank of Canada and Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
6. Fujitsu and Three of Japan’s Largest Banks
7. State Bank of India and BankChain
8. Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the Association of Banks in Singapore
National Central Banks investing in Distributed ledger Technology
List of central banks experimenting with Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
3 Reasons why VCs are increasing their investment in Blockchain
1. Massive returns from early investment
2. A clear focus on use cases and convergence applications
3. Location-Based funding spikes
10 Reasons why Central banks are investing in Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
1. Payment system resiliency and contingency
2. Retail central bank digital currency (CBDC)
3. Wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC)
4. Know-your-customer and anti-money-laundering
5. Information exchange and data sharing
6. Improvements in Trade finance
7. Cash money supply chain
8. Customer SEPA Creditor Identifier (SCI) provisioning
9. Interbank securities settlement
10. Bond issuance and lifecycle management
The 4 core tenets of the Blockchain
The
Blockchain
technology has the very ability to shift the control of monetary values or information. This decentralization is what makes Blockchain very attractive as a tool not only for payment but countless other use cases.
1. Decentralization
A Blockchain is made up of interconnected computers in a system
that no one controls. The system is
architecturally decentralized with no infrastructural central point of failure. There is one common agreed state and the system functions as a single computer.
2. Anonymity
Transactions processed from accounts within a Blockchain and are anonymized. Maintaining anonymity in the Blockchain environment is made possible thanks to the various technologies that concern it specifically such as
tumbling, also known as mixing and the
utilization of so called stealth addresses. However, it doesn’t take a security specialist to know that the concept of Anonymity is not foolproof. The question still remains: what can be done to provide more anonymity and thus better protect the privacy of the Blockchain users?
3. Blockchain Transparency
Within a Blockchain, the information is
transparent and anyone can join the network and, as a result, view all information on that network. The concept of transparency of information within a Blockchain is one of the biggest promises of
the Blockchain
technology, which provides a fully auditable and valid ledger of transactions. The transparency of the public ledger aims to address the concerns surrounding fraud and digital piracy.
4. Security
Blockchains are secured through a variety of mechanisms that include advanced cryptographic techniques and mathematical models of behavior and decision-making. Blockchains also rely heavily on
cryptography
to achieve their data security through cryptographic hashing functions. Hashing is a process whereby an algorithm (hash function) receives an input of data of any size and returns an output (hash) that contains a predictable and fixed size (or length). These hash identifiers play a major role in ensuring Blockchain security and immutability.
How has Bitcoin and the early adoption of cryptocurrencies fueled the increased funding appetite?
To answer that question, you first have to understand the
Blockchain revolution: how the technology behind bitcoin is changing money, business, and the world.
A look at the Cryptocurrency startups and Blockchain companies offers a glimpse of how far Blockchain companies and the cryptos have come over the last decade. Below is a list of the top emerging Cryptocurrencies Startups in 2020 and their associated ecosystems – including venture capital funds, private equity funds and investment banks amongst others.
List of the Top Emerging Blockchain Companies in 2020
ScienceSoft
Prolifics
Ripple Labs Inc.
LeewayHertz
Blockchangers
Techracers
ChromaWay
OpenLedger
Ezetech
Limechain
Chain
Intellectsoft
Comparison of the Top Emerging Blockchain Companies in 2020
On closer analysis of the global
Blockchain Companies and Startups
involved in the global
Blockchain supply chain
, you get a glimpse at the funding levels involved. The table below shows a list of the top blockchain companies and services they provide.
Names
Headquarters
Founded
Revenue
No of Employees
Services
No of Locations
ScienceSoft
McKinney, Texas
1989
$25 Million
700+
Blockchain Consultation,
Blockchain Audit,
Migration of legacy solutions to the Blockchain Infrastructure,
Blockchain Testing Services,
Blockchain Training.
3
Prolifics
Orlando, Florida.
1978
$34.77 Million
1001-5000
Cloud, Data & Analytics, DevOps, Digital Business, & Quality Assurance.
3
Ripple Lab
San Francisco
2012
$163.33 Million
150
Decentralized Financial Tool.
8
LeewayHertz
San Francisco
2007
$1 Million
250
Building Blockchain Application.
4
Blockchangers
Oslo, Norway
2015
1-5 MNOK
6
Blockchain Development & Consulting.
Techracers
Wilmington, Delaware
2012
$10 Million
51-200
Information Technology services.
2
Chromaway
Stockholm, Sweden
2014
$2 Million
13
Building Smart Contracts and Dapps.
2
OpenLedger ApS
Denmark
2014
$1.6 Million
60
Building Blockchain Solutions and Products.
1
Ezetech
New York, USA
2015
$2.6 Million
35
Web Development and Tech Consulting.
2
LimeChain
Bulgaria
2017
$1.7 Million
50
Blockchain Development and Consulting.
1
Chain
San Francisco USA
2014
$4 Million
40
Building Cryptographic Ledger.
1
Intellectsoft
Palo Alto, USA
2007
$12.2 Million
350
Distributed Ledger and Smart Contract Protocol.
1
Who is investing in Blockchain companies?
We are still figuring out which sectors will benefit the most from the Blockchain technology. However, what is definitive is the fact that we can now start to define the Blockchain technology. Twenty years ago you couldn’t really define the internet either. Now you think you can because you can’t live your daily life without it. That only came about because of the increased investment and funding into all projects. Now we are starting to see the same an exponential increase in Blockchain funding.
Traditional Venture Capital and Crypto-Focused Venture Funds
A look at the top Venture Capital firms that are investing in Blockchain and cryptocurrency details the two key types of venture investors:
1. Traditional Venture Capital Funds
These are predominantly traditional venture funds many of whom are specializing in technology startups that have added a handful of Blockchain companies to their portfolios such as:
Sequoia which invests indirectly via investments in cryptocurrency hedge funds like Polychain Capital and Metastable Capital.
Andreessen Horowitz made early investments in Ripple and Coinbase in 2013 and has continued to invest in more than a dozen other Blockchain companies. In fact, they recently announced that rather than co-mingle Blockchain companies with their existing funds, they would create a $300 million crypto-focused fund.
2. Crypto-Focused Venture Funds
These are dedicated exclusively to cryptocurrency and Blockchain investments. Examples include:
Digital Currency Group – has made over 60, mostly seed-stage, investments in Blockchain companies since they started in 2013.
Pantera Capital
Blockchain Capital
Here is a closer look at the traditional Venture Capital and Crypto-Focused Venture Funds and their investments in Blockchain companies.
Name of the Company
Basic Information
Total Blockchain Company Investments
Top Blockchain Investments
Investment Done
Digital Currency Group
This is one of the big names and is based out in New York. The company is one of the most prominent VCs in the Blockchain domain
58
Ledger, Circle Basis, Blockchain Inc.
78 million dollars
Pantera Capital
Based out in Menlo Park, CA, this company invests in Blockchain and crypt assets
31
Blockstream, Coinbase, Blockstream, Ripple, Circle
65 million dollars
Blockchain Capital
This San Francisco based company solely focuses on Blockchain venture.
37
Circle, Coinbase, Blockstream, Ripple
71 million dollars
Andreessen Horowitz
It is also known as 16z and is one of the best and the largest VC firm
14
Basis, Harbor, Coinbase
55 million dollars
Node Capital
This company hails from China and invests in ICOs
22
Trip.io, Delphy, Foundation, HuoBi,
20 million dollars
Binary Capital
This multifaceted company works in AI, Blockchain and Crypto projects. It is based out in California and started investing in Blockchain in 2014.
32
Ledger, BlockCypher, Tezos, Coinbase
67 million dollaBoost VCrs
IDG Capital
It is a private equity and VC firm in the US. Apart from here, the company also has its satellite office in Bengaluru, India.
8
Mars Finance, Ripple, Circle,
31 million dollars
Draper Associates
It is a popular VC that invests in various other sectors apart from Blockchain . Draper makes investment in manufacturing, healthcare, technology. It first started its Blockchain in 2014.
17
Ledger, Coinbase, Factom,
25 million dollars
Ceyuan Ventures
It’s a fairly new VC from China which started it investment in Blockchain in 2014
6
Trip.io, Basis, Mars Finance
36 million dollars
Lightspeed Venture Partners
This is growing VC that has its office in California and apart from here, it has its offices in China, Israel and India.
6
Saga Foundation, Basis, Blockchain Inc., BTCC
24 million dollars
TechStars
The company started off its investment in VC in Chroma in 2013. The company has majorly done small investments.
37
Filament, Chainalysis ,Tok.tv
3 million dollars
RRE Ventures
The VC from Colorado invest in different fields like media, technology, and financial services companies.
12
Paxos, Gem, Ripple, Abra
32 million dollars
Union Square Ventures
This New York-based company has invested in Blockchain but its investment have been restricted and they are not as active as other.
9
Coinbase, Cryptokitties
28 million dollars
General Catalyst
It’s a VC based in Cambridge and has invested in technology companies.
6
Bitwise, Circle, Bluzelle
28 million dollars
Liberty City Ventures
This New York-based company was founded in 2012, it made its first Blockchain investment in 2013.
5
Paxos, Libra
29 million dollars
500 Startups
It is an new entrant in VC and incubator fund . The company is based out in San Francisco. They have invested in around 1000 companies catering to different segments and industries.
16
Hijro, ibra Credit Network, BlockCypher
5 million dollars
Danhua Capital
This new entrant from Palo Alto, CA has made its impact felt in the field of VC in Blockchain.
21
Origin Protocol Hedera,Libra Credit Network, Hashgraph
20 million dollars
Kindred Ventures
It is an angel investor and VC which invests in early stage companies.
6
dYdX ,Radar Relay, TruStory, Rare Bits
15 million dollars
Sequoia Capital
It is one of the best known VC firms in California The company has invested around $12 million in Blockchain
8
Guanguan Coin, Binance
12million dollars
Future Perfect Ventures
Its an early stage VC from the US. The company was founded by Jalak Jobanputra.
11
Abra, Blockstream, Blockchain Inc.,
15 million dollars
Fenbushi Capital
The company hails fro Shanghai China. It has made investment in BTC Media in 2015 and has till now invested 20 primarily seed and Blockchain startups.
17
Token, Symbiont, Ripio Gem, Stream
12 million dollars
ZhenFund
Another company hailing from China which is actively investing in Blockchain. It is amongst the top 50 VCs in China.
10
Basis, BlockSeer , Silot, LIno
11 million dollars
First Round Capital
The company from California is an early stage investors, it has invested in Blockchain and crypto startups.
8
Gem, Rare Bits, Amino Payments,
6 million dollars
Limitless Crypto Investments
Founded in 2017, the company is based in Houston, TX . In a short span of 12 months it made huge investment in Blockchain.
6
Kadena LLC ,Tezos, Power Ledger
77 million dollars
FBG Capital
The company from Beijing China has been very active since 2017 in investing Blockchain and crypto startups.
14
Lino, Ripio, Eximchain ,Origin Protocol
30 million dollars
Tally Capital
This company from Chicago is solely concentrating in investing Blockchain.
9
Blockstream, Civic, MaidSafe, Blockchain Capital
35 million dollars
Google Ventures
It’s a VC arm of Google that is working aggressively in promoting Blockchain startups and its application.
4
Veem, Basis, Blockchain Inc.
14 million dollars
Polychain Capital
Hailing from CA, this company is a hybrid hedge fund/VC investing in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups
8
Basis, CoinList ,DFINITY
40 million dollars
Earlybird Venture Capital
The company from berlin has its offices in Munich and Istanbul. It invests in various other industries apart from Blockchain.
5
BigChainDB, Traxpay, XAIN Group
15 million dollars
InBlockchain
This newcomer in VC in Blockchain has actively invested in this domain. It hails from China.
8
Trip.io, Eximchain, Lino, ONO
18 million dollars
Galaxy Asset Management
The from the US has recently started investing in Blockchain and has invested huge amount in Blockchain stratups.
6
NuCypher , StormX, VideoCoin
23 million dollars
8 Decimal Capital
This California based company usually focuses on early seed stage investment.
15
0x, Libra, BluZelle
6 million dollars
Mosaic Ventures
This early stage VC is actively promoting Blockchain startup in London.
6
Blockstream, Blockchain Inc
21 milliom
Mandra Capital
This Hong Kong based company started investing in Blockchain in 2014.
4
Overnest Inc., OKCoin, Chronicled, PINTEC
24 million dollars
Camp One Ventures
The company is one of the top rated investors in Blockchain and technology. It hails from California , US.
6
Mobius ,Ripple, Augmate
2 million dollars
PreAngel
Hailing from Beijing China , the company primarily invests in Fintech, Blockchian and crypto.
5
LendChain , OkCoin, Sensay, Origin Protocol,
5 million dollars
Abstract Ventures
The company is based out in California and has invested in series B funding round for Ripple
6
TruStory ,Ripple, Harbor
9 million dollars
Foundation Capital
Although it’s a large VC from California but when it comes to Blockchain then have not invested much in it.
4
OpenSea , Origin Protocol, BlockCypher,
7 million dollars
Right Side Capital Management
Its a pre-stage VC that has invested in technology, Blockchain and crypto.
8
Airfox, Chroma, Elemetric, Hanzo
1 million dollars
AME Cloud Ventures
The company is based out in California and was founded by Jerry Yan, co-founder of Yahoo.
6
Blockstream, Ripple, ShoCard, BlockCypher
12 million dollars
1confirmation
They are amongst the newest entrant in Blockchian and has its office in California. They have started investing in Blockchain in 2017.
7
Basis, Harbor, MakerDAO, OpenSea
10 million dollars
Hashed
It’s a VC and Blockchain accelerator having its base in Seoul, South Korea. Since 2017, it has invested in a number of ICOs.
4
StormX, SureRemit, Origin Protocol,
20 million dollars
FinLab
It hails from Frankfurt, Germany and majorly invests in Financial services and fintech companies (Blockchain)
3
Iconiq Lab, Vaultoro, Abra
50 million dollars
Streamlined Ventures
It’s a VC based in San Francisco focused on companies in Applied AI/Data Science, Quantum Computing, Blockchain, AR/VR, and Robotics
5
PiggyBank, BlockCypher, Chronicled
2 million dollars
Greycroft
It’s a New York-based company that has invested in a number of seeds and Series A funding.
5
The Block ,Sensay, BitPesa,
4 million dollars
Tusk Ventures
It is a technology-focused VC based in New York. It has made series D investments in Circle and Coinbase.
3
Circle, Coinbase
26 million dollars
Catagonia
Hailing from Berlin Germany, the company has invested in a number ICOs.
3
Envion, AppCoins, HydroMiner, Basis
50 million dollars
Compound
This company has its office in New York and has invested in cryptocurrency wallet Gem and Blockchain platform.
4
Gem, Compound Labs, NuCypher
2 million dollars
Arbor Ventures
The company from Hong Kong has invested in A and series B rounds for Abra, a digital wallet startup
4
Global ID, Abra, Silot
4 million dollars
JAFCO Japan
This Japanese company is slowly making a strong mark in the field of Blockchain; It has done decent investment in Blockchain.
3
Tech Bureau, COMSA
27 million dollars
Source:
https://www.blockchain-council.org/
Bank-driven Blockchain Funding
Banking has a lot areas that are ripe for blockchain intervention. These areas include timely clearing and settlement of cross-border payments and remittances, fraud and error reduction, lower administrative costs, trade finance, identity, the removal of paper trails, and syndicated loans.
Traditional Banking Establishment investment in Blockchain companies and Projects
1. Goldman Sachs
As explained in their
microsite
Goldman Sachs continues to focus on generating interest in Blockchain and its use cases by explaining the benefits of the Blockchain technology. Their main concern being security, they delve in detail on the Blockchain security: it provides a simple, secure way to establish trust for virtually any kind of transaction, helping simplify the movement of money, products or sensitive information worldwide. Additionally, Goldman Sachs has also invested in Blockchain-based startups such as
Circle Internet Financial
and Digital Asset Holdings, investing over
$60 million
to date-
2. Microsoft and Bank of America Merrill Lynch
Microsoft and BoA are working on a project to use Blockchain technology (using Microsoft’s Azure Blockchain-as-a-Service ) to make
trade finance transactions faster
, cheaper, safer and more transparent. Their joint venture focusses on improving trade finance processes which are costly and time-consuming. The goal is to reduce the time involved in processing transactions through digitization and automation resulting in the shortening of transaction settlement times.
3. R3, Barclays, HSBC, and Co.
R3 and its partners have been fine-tuning and international an international payments system based on the Blockchain which aims to deliver a safe and secure way to speed international payments and improve cross-border business. The results from the testing phase are very encouraging. The banks involved include Barclays, BBVA, CIBC, Commerzbank, DNB, HSBC, Intesa, KBC, KB Kookmin Bank, KEB Hana Bank, Natixis, Shinhan Bank, TD Bank, US Bank, and Woori Bank.
4. Royal Bank of Canada
The Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) is
experimenting with Blockchain Technology
to aid the transfer of payments between its U.S. and Canadian banks. The use of the technology promises to improve the speed of payments, reduce complexity and lower costs.
5. JPMorgan, Royal Bank of Canada and Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
JPMorgan has teamed up with RBC and the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group to launch a new initiative, known as the
Interbank Information Network (IIN)
. Developed by JPMorgan, the technology which is powered by Quorum, a variant of the Ethereum blockchain, allows secure data sharing.
6. Fujitsu and Three of Japan’s Largest Banks
Fujitsu , Mizuho Financial Group, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG) are involved in testing a Blockchain network aimed at person-to-person (P2P) money transfer service using Blockchain technology. After testing, Akamai and MUFG will be rolling out a Blockchain-based payment network in 2020
7. State Bank of India and BankChain
The State Bank of India (SBI) and BankChain in collaboration with Intel have been working towards
introducing a safer banking system in India through the blockchain
. It is aimed at enabling SBI to increase the efficiency of transactions without compromising on data and transaction security. Primechain Technologies, which operates BankChain, will deliver the blockchain solution.
8. Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the Association of Banks in Singapore
Singapore’s central bank and financial regulator along with the Association of Banks in Singapore revealed in October that they
had a new set of blockchain prototypes
for decentralised inter-bank payment and settlements. They form the second part of Project Ubin, which is a collaborative project with the industry to explore the Blockchain for the clearing and settlement of payments and securities.
National Central Banks investing in Distributed ledger Technology
At the core of a central bank system is a core “Blockchain” network. Normally central banks use “permissioned” Blockchain network implementations with limited participants who must be granted access to participate in the network and view the set of transactions. In contrast, Bitcoin and Ethereum uses “permissionless” Blockchains which allows public participation and full transaction viewability.
List of central banks experimenting with Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
The Bank of France has fully replaced its centralized process for the provisioning and sharing of SEPA Credit Identifiers (SCIs) with a decentralized, Blockchain-based solution (with project MADRE)
Bank of Canada
Bank of England
Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS)
European Central Bank (ECB)
Bank of Japan
The Bank of Lithuania is testing Blockchain in a small-scale and real environment with the “Digital Collector Coin” to. The coin is linked to physical collector coins kept in the Bank of Lithuania’s vaults. The bank is also sponsoring a Blockchain sandbox called LBChain.
The Bank of Thailand is experimenting with central bank digital currency (CBDC) for interbank payments and liquidity management efficiency with Project Inthanon.
The Central Bank of Brazil is experimenting with Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for an interbank payments contingency and resiliency system (Project SALT) as well as a decentralized information exchange platform (Project PIER).
The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank is experimenting with the Blockchain Technology to ascertain the suitability of a DLT-based Eastern Caribbean currency to pursue multiple goals such as advancing economic growth, payments system resilience and financial inclusion.
The German central bank (Deutsche Bundesbank) has been experimenting with DLT for multiple purposes including for improving efficiency and reducing risk in interbank securities settlement processes with the BLOCKBASTER prototype and other efforts.
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority has continued to conduct research and experiments on multiple use cases including trade finance, digital identity management and KYC/AML processes.
The Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority is conducting Project Aber with the United Arab Emirates to pilot DLT for interbank payments and settlements between Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
The South African Reserve Bank is exploring CBDC for domestic interbank payment and settlement efficiency with Project Khokha.
The Swedish central bank (Sveriges Riksbank) is investigating a Blockchain-based “e-krona” to serve as an alternative form of central bank-issued money as cash usage in the country declines.
3 Reasons why VCs are increasing their investment in Blockchain
1. Massive returns from early investment
The increased investment in Early-stage funding aided primarily due to immpressive returns from early investments especially in Bitcoin and Ethereum. An estimated 75% of all deal-flow funding has been focused on early-stage rounds.
2. A clear focus on use cases and convergence applications
There has been an increased focus on AI, Fintech, data analytics and ownership which has resulted in increased clarity for investors. Another sector that has contributed to funding flow is Self-sovereign identity due to recent data breach and exploitation scandals.
3. Location-Based funding spikes
Funding follow-ups for Blockchain companies have mainly been location-based. Blockchain-friendly regions such as San Francisco, New York and Los Angeles enjoyed the most funding. Other regions in Europe and Asia ( especially China) have also seen an increase increase in funding due to the increased flexibility and openness towards the Blockchain technology.
10 Reasons why Central banks are investing in Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
1. Payment system resiliency and contingency
The use of DLT in a primary or back-up domestic interbank payment and settlement system to provide safety and continuity from threats, including technical or network failure, natural disaster, cybercrime, and other threats.
2. Retail central bank digital currency (CBDC)
Central bank-issued digital currency that is operated and settled in a peer-to-peer and decentralized manner with no intermediaries and is widely available for consumer use. CBDC can serve as a complement or substitute for physical cash and alternative to traditional bank deposits.
3. Wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC)
Central bank-issued digital currency that is operated and settled in a peer-to-peer and decentralized manner no intermediaries and is available only for commercial banks and clearing houses for use in the wholesale interbank market.
4. Know-your-customer and anti-money-laundering
Digital KYC/AML processes that leverage DLT to track and share relevant customer payment and identity information to streamline processes. May connect to a digital national identity platform or plug into pre-existing e-KYC or AML systems.
5. Information exchange and data sharing
The use of distributed or decentralized databases will help central banks create alternative systems for information and data sharing between or within related government or private sector institutions.
6. Improvements in Trade finance
The employment of a decentralized database and functionality will enable central banks to engage in faster, more efficient and more inclusive trade financing.
7. Cash money supply chain
The ordering, depositing or movement of funds, and regulatory reporting could be simplified by the use of DLT for issuing, tracking and managing the delivery and movement of cash from production facilities to the central bank and commercial bank branches.
8. Customer SEPA Creditor Identifier (SCI) provisioning
DLT will offer faster, streamlined and decentralized system for identity provisioning and sharing. The Blockchain-based decentralized sharing repository for SEPA credit identifiers will be managed by the central bank and commercial banks in the SEPA debiting scheme. The best example is the Bank of France’s Project MADRE implementation.
9. Interbank securities settlement
DLT can help central banks achieve “delivery versus payment” interbank systems where two parties trading an asset, such as a security for cash, can conduct the payment for and delivery of the asset simultaneously. This is primarily facilitated through a focused application of Blockchain-based digital currency, including CBDC, enabling the rapid interbank clearing and settlement of securities for cash.
10. Bond issuance and lifecycle management
The use of DLT in the bond auction, issuance, or other lifecycle processes to reduce costs and increase efficiency. May be applied to bonds issued and managed by sovereign states, international organizations or government agencies. Central banks or government regulators could be “observer nodes” to monitor activity where relevant.
Blockchain companies References:
https://www.crunchbase.com/
https://pitchbook.com/
https://www.weforum.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_venture_capital_firms
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“and Blockchain companies was the beginning of an Internet of finance.”KEVIN MOSERI